UPSC CORE · NCERT GEOGRAPHY · UPSC GS-II INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Major Treaties, Agreements + UN System 📜
NCERT-aligned UPSC Core Geography topic from NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar). Every item is anchored to a real location on India's map — built for boards (CBSE, ICSE, state) and UPSC aspirants.
📚 NCERT TEXTBOOK ALIGNMENT
Class UPSC Geography — NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar) — Chapter: UPSC GS-II International Relations.
85LOCATIONS
271QUESTIONS
UPSC CORENCERT LEVEL
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Key locations covered (85)
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) — 5 P + 10 NP · India served 8 times · 2021-22 latest term
- G4 — UNSC Reform Bloc — India+Brazil+Germany+Japan · push for permanent seats
- United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) — 193 members · Annual session in September · HQ New York
- International Court of Justice (ICJ) — The Hague · 15 judges · Dalveer Bhandari 2018 reelected 2024
- WTO + MC13 Abu Dhabi (Feb-Mar 2024) — Doha Round · agriculture · permanent solution PSH · e-commerce moratorium
- WHO — World Health Organization — 1948 · Geneva · DG Tedros · India bid 2025
- UNESCO + India's Bid (DG, 2025) — Audrey Azoulay current DG · India bid · World Heritage Sites
- IMF — International Monetary Fund — 1944 Bretton Woods · 190 members · DC HQ · MD Georgieva
- World Bank Group — 1944 Bretton Woods · 189 members · President Banga (India-born)
- Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) — 1968 signed 1970 in force · India not signed · 5 NWS
- CTBT — Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty — 1996 · India not signed · Russia withdrew 2023
- IAEA — International Atomic Energy Agency — 1957 · Vienna · Rafael Grossi DG · India member
- Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) — 1993 · 1997 in force · OPCW The Hague · India member
- Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) — 1972 signed · 1975 in force · India party
- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 — Diplomatic privileges + immunities
- UNCLOS — UN Convention on Law of the Sea — 1982 Montego Bay · 1994 in force · India ratified 1995
- Paris Climate Agreement 2015 — COP21 Paris · 2015 · NDCs · 1.5°C target
- Geneva Conventions (1949) — 4 conventions · IHL · POW + civilians + medical
- Rome Statute / ICC — 1998 · 2002 in force · India not member · The Hague
- Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) — 2017 · 2021 in force · India NOT party
- WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization — 1967 · Geneva · 193 members · TRIPS
- ITU — International Telecommunication Union — 1865 · UN agency · Geneva · India hosted WTSA-24
- Universal Periodic Review (UPR) — UNHRC — 2006 · 47-member council · India 4th cycle 2022
- Refugee Convention 1951 — Non-refoulement · India NOT signatory
- Antarctic Treaty 1959 — 1959 Washington · 1961 in force · India 1983 consultative
- Outer Space Treaty 1967 — Space = global commons · India party
- Artemis Accords — 2020 NASA-led · India signed Jun 2023
- Hague Conventions + Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC) — Ballistic missile non-proliferation · India 2016 member
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) — 1992 Rio · India party · Cartagena + Nagoya Protocols
- UNFCCC + Kyoto Protocol — 1992 Rio · 1997 Kyoto · 2005 in force · CBDR-RC
- Loss and Damage Fund (COP27/COP28) — Established COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh 2022 · Operationalised COP28 Dubai 2023
- Vienna Convention + Montreal Protocol — Ozone layer · 1985 Vienna · 1987 Montreal · Kigali Amendment 2016
- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) — 1979 Geneva · UNECE
- Basel + Rotterdam + Stockholm Conventions — Hazardous waste · POPs · India party to all 3
- Minamata Convention on Mercury — 2013 Kumamoto Japan · 2017 in force · India 2018 ratified
- UNCCD — Convention to Combat Desertification — 1994 · COP14 Delhi 2019 · LDN targets
- Ramsar Convention on Wetlands — 1971 Iran · 1975 in force · India 27 sites 2014 → 85+ by 2024
- CITES — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species — 1973 Washington · India party 1976 · Geneva Secretariat
- Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) + COP13 — 1979 Bonn · India hosted COP13 Feb 2020 Gandhinagar
- Global Plastic Treaty (INC negotiations) — INC-5 Busan Nov 2024 · failed to conclude · India position
- International Tribunal for Law of the Sea (ITLOS) — Hamburg · UNCLOS dispute settlement
- Hague Convention on Service of Documents — Civil judicial cooperation
- FATF — Financial Action Task Force — 1989 G7 Paris · 40 Recs · AML/CFT
- Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) — 2008 · India NOT party · 110+ states
- Mine Ban Treaty / Ottawa Convention — 1997 · 164 parties · India NOT party
- Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) — Proposed by India 1996 · still pending at UN
- Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) — 2008 India initiative · 25 IOR navies
- Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) Reform 2016 — India new Model BIT 2016 · exhausted local remedies clause
- International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) — Apr 2023 launch · India hosts · 7 big cats
- Global Pandemic Treaty (WHO INB) — WHA 2021 launch · negotiations ongoing 2024-25
- International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) — 1923 Vienna founded · HQ Lyon · India 90th General Assembly 2022
- World Customs Organization (WCO) — Brussels · 1952 · India member
- International Maritime Organization (IMO) — 1948 · UN agency · London · India re-elected Category B 2023
- International Labour Organization (ILO) — 1919 Versailles · Geneva HQ · India founding member
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) — 1947 Chicago · Montreal HQ · India member
- BBNJ Treaty — High Seas Treaty (2023) — UN High Seas Biodiversity Treaty · Mar 2023 adopted · India signed Sept 2024
- Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) — 1980 · LAWS protocols · India party
- Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) 2013 — 2013 UNGA · India NOT signed
- Convention on Rights of the Child (CRC) — 1989 · India ratified 1992
- Bonn Challenge — Forest Landscape Restoration — 2011 Germany launched · India pledged 26 mn ha by 2030
- + 25 more in the interactive map
Sample questions (12 of 271)
UNSC has how many permanent and non-permanent members?
5 Permanent + 10 Non-Permanent
India has been elected as Non-Permanent UNSC member how many times?
8 times (1950-51, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-85, 1991-92, 2011-12, 2021-22)
India's most recent UNSC term was:
2021-2022
India presided over UNSC twice during 2021-22; in which months?
August 2021 and December 2022
The 5 Permanent Members of UNSC are:
USA, UK, France, Russia, China
UNSC has the power to authorise which type of measures under Chapter VII?
Sanctions and use of force
India's last UNSC Presidency in 2022 was in which month?
December 2022
G4 advocating UNSC reform includes which countries?
India, Brazil, Germany, Japan
The 'L.69 Group' at UN supports:
UNSC reform — developing countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America, Pacific)
The 'Uniting for Consensus' (Coffee Club) opposing G4 includes:
Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Mexico, South Korea
The African Union's UNSC reform position is called:
Ezulwini Consensus (2005)
How many member states are in UNGA?
193
All 271 questions are available in the interactive map quiz.
About this topic
This topic is part of the NCERT UPSC Core Geography syllabus, specifically the textbook NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar), drawn from the chapter UPSC GS-II International Relations. Content is cross-referenced against the latest NCERT textbook editions + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, Satish Chandra for history; G.C. Leong, Savindra Singh for geography; the UPSC Civil Services prelims + mains syllabus).
Use the interactive India map to learn major treaties, agreements + un system the way memory works best — by spatial location. Each pin opens a flashcard. Mark "Knew it" or "Didn't know" to track your mastery over time.
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