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UPSC CORE · NCERT HISTORY · BIPAN CHANDRA CH 9-10: INC FOUNDATION + MODERATE PHASE

Rise of Nationalism + Moderates (1885-1905) 🇮🇳

NCERT-aligned UPSC Core History topic from NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar). Every item is anchored to a real location on India's map — built for boards (CBSE, ICSE, state) and UPSC aspirants.

📚 NCERT TEXTBOOK ALIGNMENT
Class UPSC History — NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar) — Chapter: Bipan Chandra Ch 9-10: INC foundation + Moderate phase.
4LOCATIONS
39QUESTIONS
UPSC CORENCERT LEVEL
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Key locations covered (4)

Sample questions (12 of 39)

Major pre-INC political bodies?
(i) BANGABHASA PRAKASIKA SABHA (Calcutta 1836); (ii) ZAMINDARI ASSOCIATION (1837 Bengal); (iii) BENGAL BRITISH INDIA SOCIETY (1843); (iv) BRITISH INDIAN ASSOCIATION (1851 Bengal — Devendranath Tagore + Radhakanta Deb); (v) MADRAS NATIVE ASSOCIATION (1852); (vi) BOMBAY ASSOCIATION (1852 — Jagannath Shankarsheth + Jamsetji Jeejeebhoy); (vii) EAST INDIA ASSOCIATION (1866 LONDON — Dadabhai Naoroji + W.C. Bonnerjee); (viii) INDIAN ASSOCIATION (1876 Calcutta — Surendranath Banerjea + Anandamohan Bose); (ix) MADRAS MAHAJAN SABHA (1884); (x) BOMBAY PRESIDENCY ASSOCIATION (1885 — Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji).
Why did Indian middle class begin to organise politically?
(i) WESTERN EDUCATION created an INDIAN ENGLISH-EDUCATED middle class (lawyers, doctors, journalists, civil servants, teachers); (ii) Knowledge of European LIBERAL + Enlightenment ideas (rights, parliamentary government, constitution); (iii) RACIAL DISCRIMINATION by British (Indians barred from social clubs, treated as "natives", reserved Senior Civil Services for British); (iv) ECONOMIC critiques of colonial economy emerging (Naoroji etc.); (v) The 1857 BANS on local self-government drove some elites to organise; (vi) Lord LYTTON'S oppressive policies (Vernacular Press Act 1878, Arms Act 1878, Imperial Durbar 1877).
INDIAN ASSOCIATION (1876) — Calcutta?
Founded 26 July 1876 by SURENDRANATH BANERJEA + ANANDAMOHAN BOSE. Aims: (i) UNITE Indian opinion across Bengal + India; (ii) bring INDIAN concerns to British attention; (iii) seek REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT. Held the first ALL-INDIA NATIONAL CONFERENCE in Calcutta 1883 + 1885 (just before the INC formation). PRECURSOR to the INC; many Indian Association members became founding INC members.
Why was DECEMBER 1885 the right moment for an All-India party?
(i) Vernacular Press Act repealed 1882 (Ripon); (ii) RIPON'S liberal era (1880-84) created spaces for Indian political activity; (iii) Indian middle-class lawyers + journalists were now numerous + organised; (iv) RACIST Anglo-Indian opposition to ILBERT BILL (1883 — sought to allow Indian judges to try Europeans) RADICALISED Indian opinion; (v) A.O. HUME (retired British civil servant + theosophist + ornithologist) thought "SAFETY VALVE" for elite Indian discontent could prevent another 1857-style revolt.
PRE-INC associations — major examples?
(i) BANGABHASHA PRAKASIKA SABHA (1836, Calcutta — earliest); (ii) ZAMINDARI ASSOCIATION (1838, Calcutta); (iii) BRITISH INDIA ASSOCIATION (1851, Calcutta — Devendranath Tagore, Radhakanta Deb); (iv) BOMBAY ASSOCIATION (1852); (v) MADRAS NATIVE ASSOCIATION (1852); (vi) POONA SARVAJANIK SABHA (1870 — Mahadev Govind Ranade); (vii) INDIAN ASSOCIATION (1876, Calcutta — Surendranath Banerjee); (viii) BOMBAY PRESIDENCY ASSOCIATION (1885). These laid GROUNDWORK for INC 1885 — built PUBLIC SPHERE + leadership culture.
SURENDRANATH BANERJEE — features?
SURENDRANATH BANERJEE (1848-1925) — pre-INC nationalist leader. Founded INDIAN ASSOCIATION 1876 — first ALL-INDIA political body. CALCUTTA based. Edited "BENGALEE" newspaper. KEY actions: (i) Organised INDIAN NATIONAL CONFERENCE 1883 + 1885 — proto-INC; (ii) Joined INC 1886 (after its 1885 founding); (iii) PRESIDED at 2 INC sessions; (iv) Led ANTI-PARTITION OF BENGAL agitation 1905; (v) Critiqued some Extremist methods. Knighted 1921; later joined Liberal Party. Foundational figure of constitutional nationalism.
British Indian Association was founded in which year?
1851 (Calcutta)
Bombay Association was founded in which year?
1852
Madras Native Association was founded in which year?
1852
Indian Association (Calcutta) was founded by?
Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose (1876)
Indian National Conference was founded in 1883 by?
Surendranath Banerjee
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded by?
Mahadev Govind Ranade (1867/1870)

All 39 questions are available in the interactive map quiz.

About this topic

This topic is part of the NCERT UPSC Core History syllabus, specifically the textbook NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar), drawn from the chapter Bipan Chandra Ch 9-10: INC foundation + Moderate phase. Content is cross-referenced against the latest NCERT textbook editions + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, Satish Chandra for history; G.C. Leong, Savindra Singh for geography; the UPSC Civil Services prelims + mains syllabus).

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