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UPSC CORE · NCERT HISTORY · BIPAN CHANDRA CH 11: SWADESHI MOVEMENT + EXTREMISTS + REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM

Extremists + Swadeshi (1905-1916) ⚡

NCERT-aligned UPSC Core History topic from NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar). Every item is anchored to a real location on India's map — built for boards (CBSE, ICSE, state) and UPSC aspirants.

📚 NCERT TEXTBOOK ALIGNMENT
Class UPSC History — NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar) — Chapter: Bipan Chandra Ch 11: Swadeshi Movement + Extremists + Revolutionary terrorism.
4LOCATIONS
70QUESTIONS
UPSC CORENCERT LEVEL
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Key locations covered (4)

Sample questions (12 of 70)

How did Swadeshi Movement begin?
7 AUGUST 1905 — at TOWN HALL CALCUTTA — formal SWADESHI PLEDGE adopted (BOYCOTT British goods + use Indian-made). Fueled by anger at Curzon's Partition of Bengal (16 October 1905). Massive participation: students, women, peasants, urban poor. Slogans: SWADESHI (Indian-made), BOYCOTT (foreign goods), NATIONAL EDUCATION, SWARAJ (self-rule).
4 PROGRAMMES of the Swadeshi Movement?
(i) SWADESHI ENTERPRISE — Indian-made goods preferred; Indian banks (Bank of India 1906, Punjab National Bank 1894 etc.); textile mills + sugar factories + soap factories supported. (ii) BOYCOTT of foreign cloth — bonfires of Manchester + British goods; pickets at British shops. (iii) NATIONAL EDUCATION — Bengal National College (1906 — Aurobindo Ghose first principal); NATIONAL Council of Education for Bengal (1906); 78 secondary schools + 1 college. (iv) PASSIVE RESISTANCE — non-cooperation, courts boycott, no jury duty.
How did WOMEN participate?
For the FIRST TIME women joined a NATIONAL movement on a large scale: (i) Burned foreign cloth in courtyards; (ii) Took the SWADESHI vow at Town Hall Calcutta; (iii) Performed RAKHI-tying ceremonies; (iv) Sarojini NAIDU + KASTURBA + SAROJINI DEVI (Tagore's sister) + Swarnakumari Devi (Tagore's sister + writer) all active; (v) BENGAL LADIES BOYCOTT ASSOCIATION formed 1908. Women's political mobilisation began here.
How did the British SUPPRESS Swadeshi?
(i) PROHIBITED meetings + processions in Bengal cities; (ii) ORDER LATHI-CHARGES on protesters; (iii) JAILED leaders (Aurobindo arrested 1908; Tilak sentenced to 6 years 1908); (iv) SUPPRESSED newspapers (Yugantar, Bande Mataram, Sandhya banned); (v) "SCHOOL CHILDREN ORDER" — students participating could face EXPULSION + their parents lose government jobs; (vi) ENGAGED Muslim League (founded Dec 1906 partly in response) on "anti-Hindu" lines. SWADESHI petered out by 1908 from REPRESSION + internal SPLITS.
Why did Swadeshi end?
(i) BRITISH REPRESSION; (ii) SURAT SPLIT (1907) — Moderates expelled Extremists from INC; (iii) Death/imprisonment of leaders (Tilak 6 years jail 1908; Aurobindo retired to Pondicherry 1910; Bipin Chandra Pal jailed 1908); (iv) MUSLIM League formation (1906) created competing identity; (v) EXHAUSTION of mass enthusiasm. BUT — IMPACT was lasting: (a) ESTABLISHED MASS politics in India; (b) Created NATIONAL EDUCATION institutions; (c) LAUNCHED Indian capitalism (Tata, Birla); (d) RAISED an entire generation of nationalists.
EXTREMIST RISE — leaders + Bal-Lal-Pal?
EXTREMISTS rose ~1905-1907 in INC — wanted RADICAL action vs. MODERATE petition. Trio "BAL-LAL-PAL": (i) BAL Gangadhar TILAK (Maharashtra) — KESARI newspaper; "Swaraj is my BIRTHRIGHT"; (ii) LALA LAJPAT RAI (Punjab) — known as "Punjab Kesari"; (iii) BIPIN CHANDRA PAL (Bengal) — "Father of Revolutionary Thought." Methods: BOYCOTT, SWADESHI, NATIONAL EDUCATION. SPLIT with Moderates at SURAT 1907 over SWADESHI methods.
SWADESHI MOVEMENT 1905-1908 — what was it?
Bengal's response to Curzon's 1905 Partition. Started 7 Aug 1905 Calcutta. Featured: (i) BOYCOTT British goods (cloth, salt, sugar); (ii) Bonfires of FOREIGN cloth; (iii) PROMOTE Indian handloom + KHADI; (iv) Found Indian-owned mills (Bengal National Bank 1906); (v) NATIONAL EDUCATION (Bengal Technical Institute 1906 → Jadavpur Univ.); (vi) RABINDRANATH TAGORE's songs ("AMAR SHONAR BANGLA" — now Bangladesh anthem); (vii) Vande Mataram became national slogan. ENDED PARTIALLY: 1911 Bengal Partition reversed.
Partition of Bengal was implemented on which date?
16 October 1905
Who was the Viceroy who partitioned Bengal in 1905?
Lord Curzon
Partition of Bengal was annulled in?
1911 (Delhi Durbar)
The Swadeshi Movement was launched in which year?
1905
'Vande Mataram' became the national song; it was composed by?
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (in 'Anandamath', 1882)

All 70 questions are available in the interactive map quiz.

About this topic

This topic is part of the NCERT UPSC Core History syllabus, specifically the textbook NCERT Class 11/12 + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar), drawn from the chapter Bipan Chandra Ch 11: Swadeshi Movement + Extremists + Revolutionary terrorism. Content is cross-referenced against the latest NCERT textbook editions + standard reference works (Bipan Chandra, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, Satish Chandra for history; G.C. Leong, Savindra Singh for geography; the UPSC Civil Services prelims + mains syllabus).

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