NCERT-aligned Class 10 Geography topic. Every item is anchored to a real location on India's map — built for boards (CBSE, ICSE, state) and UPSC aspirants.
Subsistence farming?
Growing crops mainly for self-consumption (small holdings, low technology, family labour)
Commercial farming?
Growing crops for sale in market (large holdings, high technology, hired labour, high input)
Plantation farming?
Single crop on large estates (tea, coffee, rubber, banana) — capital intensive, export-oriented
Shifting cultivation?
Also called ‘slash and burn’ or ‘jhum’ (Northeast India) — clear forest, cultivate, move after soil depletes
Intensive subsistence farming?
High labour input on small holdings (common in densely populated areas like Ganga plains)
Extensive commercial farming?
Large farms with low labour input (e.g., wheat farming in Punjab, USA Prairies)
Mixed farming?
Cultivation of crops + rearing of livestock together
Organic farming?
No chemical fertilizers/pesticides; uses compost, bio-fertilizers, natural methods
Precision farming?
Use of technology (drones, sensors, GPS) for efficient input use — emerging in India
Best example?
Tea gardens of Assam (plantation), Wheat in Punjab (commercial), Jhum in Nagaland (shifting)
India’s rank in rice production?
2nd largest producer (after China)
Largest rice producing state?
West Bengal (historically No.1; competes with UP & Punjab)
This topic is part of the NCERT Class 10 Geography syllabus, drawn from the chapter Ch 4: Agriculture. Content is cross-referenced against the latest NCERT textbook editions + standard reference works.
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